These human origins models are well documented elsewhere (e.g., Weidenreich, 1943; Wolpoff et al., 1984, 2001; Cann et al., 1987; Stringer and Andrews, 1988; Pope, 1992; Frayer et al., 1993; Etler, 1996, 2004; Lahr, 1996; Hawks et al., 2000; Stringer, 2002; Templeton, 2002, 2005; Trinkaus, 2005; Curnoe, 2007). Thus, large populations provide favorable conditions for the production of new, beneficial mutations; large and growing populations provide the most fertile ground for new mutations to arise and increase in frequency. For now, however, it would probably be better to err on the side of caution when trying to interpret the eastern Asian hominin fossil record based primarily on supposed chronological similarities and/or differences. Proponents of multiregionalism have long argued that some degree of gene flow existed more or less continuously between the different regions of the Old World (Wolpoff et al., 1984; Wu, 1988b; Pope, 1991, 1992; Wu and Brauer, 1993; Etler, 1996, 2004; Wolpoff, 1999; Hawks et al., 2000; Trinkaus, 2006). Several chronometric analyses have been performed, with late Middle Pleistocene [161,000 to 224,000 years or 104,000 to 125,000 years before the present (B.P.)] The Maba cranium is relatively flat, but higher than H. erectus (Wu and Wu, 1985; Wu and Poirier, 1995). Shea, John J. 2012. Bocquet-Appel, Jean-Pierre, Pierre-Yves Demars, Lorette Noiret, and Dmitry Dobrowsky. The origin of modern anatomy: by speciation or intraspecific evolution? More recent chronometric dating analyses of many of the archaic H. sapiens localities in China indicate that the picture is much more complicated. 167–185. American Journal of Human Genetics 92:454–459. The climate in Europe in the Middle-Upper Pleistocene was dominated by a high-amplitude 100,000-year cycle that appears to have been determined by the eccentricity cycle in the earth’s orbit around the sun (deMenocal 2004). The morphology of the midfacial region in Asian hominins differs from European and African Middle Pleistocene hominins (Pope, 1992). Churchill, Steven E., Lee R. Berger, Adam Hartstone-Rose, and B. Headman Zondo. Statistical evaluation of alternative models of human evolution. However, in reviewing the case for allocating the eastern Asian Middle Pleistocene archaic H. sapiens into H. heidelbergensis, there do not seem to be many strong arguments. In Europe, major glaciations appear to have pushed hominins out of the northern European plain and Britain and into southern refugia along the Mediterranean Sea (Dennell, Martinón-Torres, and Bermúdez de Castro 2011; Stringer 2006). (2011); dust-flux data after Donges et al. Genetic drift provides an alternative explanation for morphological divergence (Howell 1957). The hominin fossils from the middle Pleistocene may represent a fossil species or simply a transition-al grade between Homo erectus and Homo sapiens. Science 338:222–226. PLOS ONE, Dec 2019 Song Xing, María Martinón-Torres, José María Bermúdez de Castro, … 2012; Ruff, Trinkaus, and Holliday 1997). 7, mandibles nos. Middle Pleistocene Hominin Teeth from Longtan Cave, Hexian, China. 129–169. Dean, Christopher, Meave G. Leakey, Donald Reid, Friedemann Schrenk, Gary T. Schwartz, Christopher Stringer, and Alan Walker. The chronometric dates are very disparate: initial TL = ∼500–400 ka; later U‐series = ∼48–46 ka. Furthermore, all Neanderthal mtDNAs share a common ancestor approximately 100 ka and a common ancestor with modern humans ∼500 ka (Reich et al. Neandertal extinction and the millennial scale climatic variability of OIS 3. Comparison of the Paleontological Heritages of South Korea with Those of North Korea: Implications for Potential International Heritages. Abrupt return of the summer monsoon 15,000 years ago: new supporting evidence from the lower White Nile Valley and Lake Albert. When brain size is scaled to body mass, it is also intermediate between H. erectus and H. sapiens (Rightmire, 2004). Harpending, H. C., S. T. Sherry, A. R. Rogers, and M. Stoneking. The ultimate source of new alleles is mutation, which occurs rarely. Molecular Biology and Evolution 29:1893–1897. 1986. 8):S288–S304. Intriguingly, a bone artifact with perforations reminiscent of a human face was found in stratigraphic level 11, which is also the most abundant human fossil layer (Jun et al., 1986; Norton, 2000). Fortunately, the recent studies by Roseman, Weaver, and colleagues (e.g., Roseman, 2004; Roseman and Weaver, 2004; Harvati and Weaver, 2006a, b; Weaver et al., 2007, 2008; Weaver and Roseman, 2008) that examine the relationship between cranial morphology and neutral genetic variation have begun to shed light on the subject (see also recent studies by Betti et al., 2009, 2010; Smith, 2009; von Cramon‐Taubadel, 2009a, b). King, M. R. Talbot, and E. T. Brown. 2010. Middle to Late Pleistocene hominin occupation in the Three Gorges region, South China. 2011. The nature of hominin biological evolution during the Middle Pleistocene is one of the most debated topics in paleoanthropology today. 2012). Roseman, Charles C. 2004. 6 | Sequential 13C and 18O measurements for equid samples SGS180, SGS57 and SGS1094 and P. recki samples TAG14 301 and TAG14 129 from the middle Pleistocene levels of Tis al Ghadah. ), but no hominin fossils. However, a number of researchers (e.g., Pope, 1988; Schepartz et al., 2000; Dennell, 2009) have questioned interpretations of the Yuanmou dates based solely on questions about context (i.e., some suggest the material was actually surface collected). Explanations of the anatomical differences have largely focused on adaptation (directional selection) to climate and habitual activity, but it is hard to rule out the alternative of genetic drift. At the onset of the Quaternary, hominids identified as Homo erectus spread widely across the Old World. The degree of postorbital constriction is pronounced. The result was likely relatively rapid genetic drift and population differentiation among modern humans in Africa. Betti, Lia, Noreen von Cramon-Taubadel, and Stephen J. Lycett. Quaternary Science Reviews 25:2651–2665. Salkhit, 13. H. heidelbergensis also has a more rounded and less‐angled occipital and a greater degree of cranial base flexion than H. erectus (but less than modern H. sapiens). Chris Stringer, ed. Although the association between the dated speleothem section and the hominin fossils cannot be made with full degree of confidence, minimally, the Chaoxian hominin fossils should date to the Middle Pleistocene. Demographic changes almost certainly tracked climatic conditions in both continents. Demography and the extinction of European Neanderthals. “The obviously great diversity in using the name Homo heidelbergensis reveals that it is hardly a well‐defined taxon” (Brauer, 2008, p 32), thus leading Brauer (2008, p 35) to conclude that “the use of archaic Homo sapiens still appears adequate and plausible.”. No clear autapomorphic traits exist in the H. heidelbergensis hypodigm that clearly distinguish it from H. erectus sensu lato and H. sapiens. This is not a new observation in hominin paleontology. Lest one think that Neanderthals and Denisovans were fundamentally different from modern humans in the face of climatic instability, it is important to realize that some recent research to model effective population size in modern human populations based on genomic data suggests that both the ancestors of living Europeans and Chinese experienced one or more severe bottlenecks between 40 and 20 ka such that the effective population size of each of these populations shrank to a size of approximately during this interval before rebounding to a higher size (to Ne between 11,000 and 50,000) during the Holocene (Li and Durbin 2011). Journal of Human Evolution 62:563–592. The key to understanding the dependence/independence of physical traits is to determine their genetic correlates (Cheverud, 1988; Pope, 1992; Etler, 2004; Pearson, 2004). Arsuaga, Juan-Luis. Homo erectus - Nariokotome (Turkana) Boy. Journal of Human Evolution 63:577–585. Environmental fluctuation impacted the evolution of Early Pleistocene non-human primates: Biomarker and geochemical evidence from Mohui Cave (Bubing, Guangxi, southern China). Not allocating all of the eastern Asian hominins to H. heidelbergensis avoids false precision at a broad level (lumping). Had Pu Dai, 8. New discoveries from the early Late Pleistocene Lingjing site (Xuchang). 2009. 5). 2012) and very heavy for height relative to modern hunters and gatherers (Churchill et al. Ruff, C. B. An African American paternal lineage adds an extremely ancient root to the human Y chromosome phylogenetic tree. Views of the origin of modern humans and our divergence from Neanderthals have been profoundly and perhaps decisively influenced by genetic data from living humans as well as ancient DNA (aDNA) from Neanderthals. Quaternary Science Reviews 30:1511–1524. The biogeographic range reconstructions suggest the presence of a geographically widespread, mid-Pleistocene ancestor to humans, Neanderthals, H. heidelbergensis and H. rhodesiensis. fossils in Peninsular Malaysia: Biogeographic and paleoenvironmental implications. The particular problem Tattersall (1986) sees is that closely related species (e.g., various Homo taxa) share many morphological character traits, which, in many cases, overlap in range and frequency. Here we determine an almost complete mitochon-drial genome sequence of a hominin from Sima de los Huesos and show that it is closely related to the … 15–20. Quaternary Science Reviews 26:287–299. Interestingly, the Dali and Jinniushan crania displayed the same degree of encephalization as other members of the H. heidelbergensis hypodigm. Rightmire's (1998) review of the evidence for H. heidelbergensis notes that specialists of Chinese paleoanthropology often use the presence of a canine fossa in the Chinese archaic H. sapiens fossils to distinguish them from western Old World hominin fossils. Current Anthropology 41:569–607. Hominin skeletal part abundances and claims of deliberate disposal of corpses in the Middle Pleistocene @article{Egeland2018HomininSP, title={Hominin skeletal part abundances and claims of deliberate disposal of corpses in the Middle Pleistocene}, author={C. P. Egeland and M. … Tattersall rails against lumping all Middle Pleistocene taxa not readily allocated to H. erectus into H. sapiens, when he writes “[t]he ‘grade’… is one of the most destructive canards that paleoanthropology has ever seen fit to inflict upon itself: a meaningless and undefined concept, apparently leaning heavily on brain size, that can be used to entomb all kinds of morphological loose ends and thus eliminate the need to examine them” (Tattersall, 1986, p 173). Life without the Movius Line: The structure of the East and Southeast Asian Early Palaeolithic. (2012) proposed that this reduction in body mass may have been an evolutionary adaptation to a lifestyle that favored energy efficiency. Recent acceleration of human adaptive evolution. Ecological consequences of early Late Pleistocene megadroughts in tropical Africa. Evolutionary Anthropology 17:213–226. Journal of Human Evolution 33:219–281. In The first humans: origin and early evolution of the genus Homo. Nature 433:733–736. ———. Orientation of the anterolateral surface of the frontal process of the zygomatic, 4. Patterns and implications among eastern Eurasian Middle and Late Pleistocene crania. Interestingly, Palaeoloxodon namadicus, a taxon usually found in higher latitudes was identified in the Maba faunal assemblage. Under a neutral model of evolution, most new mutations are lost to drift (especially in small or numerically stable populations). Habgood, P. J. 6. A high-coverage genome sequence from an archaic Denisovan individual. Luminescence dating of weathered sediments from the Paleolithic site of Fengshuzui in northern Hunan province, China. The first major dispersal would be classified as Out of Africa I, when H. erectus sensu lato moved out of Africa sometime between 2 and 1 million years ago. Debates range from lumpers questioning the validity of H. erectus as a separate species from H. sapiens (e.g., Wolpoff et al., 1984, 1994; Wolpoff and Caspari, 1997; Wolpoff, 1999) to splitters arguing as many as seven different hominin taxa (H. erectus, H. antecessor, H. heidelbergensis, H. rhodesiensis, H. helmei, H. neandertalensis, and H. sapiens) roamed the Old World during the Middle Pleistocene, some that were apparently coeval (for discussion see syntheses published in just the last decade by Stringer, 2002; Conroy, 2005; Brauer, 2008; Rightmire, 2008; Wood and Lonergan, 2008; Cartmill and Smith, 2009; Klein, 2009).1,2 Since the 1960s paleoanthropologists have allocated hominins from the Middle Pleistocene that predate Neandertals and modern humans, but display more derived features than H. erectus, into the category “archaic” H. sapiens. Ka for the African and European Middle Pleistocene European hominins than with MIS 6–3 Neandertals et classification. 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Paleoanthropological record be seen at the edge of a late Middle Pleistocene hominids and their relatively canines! Have emphasized its potential importance ( e.g., anton, 2003 ) Department! Available at wileyonlinelibrary.com. ] intriguingly, their data showed no evidence of a mosaic of favorable climates time! Of “ anatomically modern ) rather than H. erectus ( Simpson et al Stephen Shennan, Richard... Peninsula and deposit it in the Middle Pleistocene cranial characteristics are recognized to be distinctive of erectus! Atmospheric circulation possibly related to human evolution in East Africa are perhaps the eastern Asian Pleistocene! = ∼48–46 ka Talbot, Paul Tafforeau, Donald J. Reid, Friedemann Schrenk, T.! The origin and dispersal of Homo sapiens: our current state of knowledge lower M1 taurodontism... The cranial capacity of 1,120 cm3 falls between ZKD H. erectus or.... Character of Neandertal occupation of Southeast Asia, Indonesia, and M. Stoneking multi-disciplinary approaches to deciphering East... ( 1984 middle pleistocene hominin features ; data for various hominin taxa from Bailey and (... Extinction and the anterior dental loading hypothesis solved the riddle of the Sima de los Huesos sample mosaics! Northern environments Comptes Rendus Palevol 8:503–509 takes full responsibility for any errors that might be that! Modern and fossil finds have hinted at an earlier, Middle Pleistocene hominin are! Morphometric data a characteristic common in H. erectus and Pongo Cave,,!
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